David Weisblat
Professor of the Graduate School Division of Cell Biology, Development and Physiology*
*And Affiliate, Division of Neurobiology
Research Interests
Molecular phylogenies indicate that most bilaterally symmetric animals fall into three major groups, whose ancestors had already diverged by the time of the Cambrian explosion, ~600 million years ago: Deuterostomia (echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates); Edysozoa (arthropods, nematodes and other "cuticle-shedding" animals); and Lophotrochozoa (annelids, mollusks, non-acoel flatworms, and a number of related minor phyla). Comparing modern representatives of all three of these groups is essential to understanding how changes in developmental processes have enabled the evolution of diverse body plans, but most developmental analyses have focused on a few model systems within Ecdysozoa and Deuterostomia. Leeches (phylum Annnelida, segmented worms) are regarded by some with a repugnance so intense as to preclude their consideration as objects for biological investigation. But in fact glossiphoniid leech embryos are quite beautiful and are well suited for cellular and molecular analyses of embryonic development. Thus, they are among the best studied representatives of the Lophotrochozoa.
The goals of the research in our lab are twofold: first, to obtain as satisfying as possible an understanding of leech development; and second, to understand how developmental processes are modified during the evolution of different animal taxa. For example, leeches undergo spiral cleavages homologous to those of mollusks, yet generate a segmented body plan, like arthropods. How have cell fates been modified among the different spirally cleaving animal groups to generate different types of embryos and adults? In particular, how is it that leeches make exactly 32 segments during development and cannot make more, either post-embryonically or in response to injury, while closely related annelids (oligochaetes) exhibit wonderful capacities for post-embryonic segmentation, regeneration, and even vegetative reproduction? And finally, what can we conclude from the similarities and differences among annelid, arthropod and vertebrate systems about the evolutionary origin(s) of segmentation?
Our relatively detailed understanding of Helobdella development compared to other "non-model" organisms led to its selection as among the first lophotrochozoan species for BAC library construction (at CHORI in Oakland with NSF support) and genome sequencing (by the JGI in Walnut Creek with support from DOE); a database of ~140,000 ESTs was created to aid in annotation. These genomic resources provide an important reference for comparative bioinformatics and greatly facilitate our studies of Helobdella development.
Current Projects
Two areas of primary interest at present are:
(1) the deployment, function and interconnection of intercellular signaling pathways (WNT, NOTCH, TGFbeta and MAPK) in the early embryo, including dynamic gene expression and transcriptome analysis during the 2-cell stage and the assignment of distinct mesodermal and ectodermal fates to two sister cells at 4th cleavage;
(2) the molecular control of stem cell divisions in segmentation, especially a "grandparental" mode of stem cell division that generates two distinct cell types in exact alternation.
Our work entails the use of various cellular, molecular and embryological techniques. Microinjection of cell lineage tracers and various imaging techniques are frequently used in combination with other procedures. In particular, injection of synthetic plasmids, mRNAs and/or antisense morpholino oligonucleotides into selected cells allows us to express markers, dominant negative and constitutively active versions of genes and/or knock down gene expression in specific parts of the embryo. We are particularly excited at the prospects of combining genomic and embryological approaches.
Selected Publications
Evolutionary dynamics of the Wnt gene family: a lophotrochozoan perspective. [S.J. Cho, Y. Vallès, V.C. Giani, Jr., E.C. Seaver, and D.A. Weisblat (2010) Mol. Biol. & Evol. 27, 1645-1658]
High resolution cell lineage tracing reveals developmental variability in leech. [S.E. Gline, D.H. Kuo, A. Stolfi and D.A. Weisblat (2009) Dev. Dynamics 239, 3139-3152]
Grandparental stem cells in leech segmentation: differences in CDC42 expression are correlated with an alternating pattern of blast cell fates. [S.O. Zhang, D.H. Kuo and D.A. Weisblat (2009) Dev. Biol. 336, 112-121]
Helobdella (leech): A model for developmental studies. [D. A. Weisblat and D. H. Kuo (2009) in:Emerging Model Organisms Vol. 1, 245-274. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.]
And Lophotrochozoa makes three: Notch/Hes signaling in annelid segmentation. [A.S. Rivera and D.A. Weisblat (2009) Dev. Genes & Evol. 219, 37-44]
D quadrant specification in the leech Helobdella: actomyosin contractility controls the unequal cleavage of the CD blastomere. [D.C. Lyons and D.A. Weisblat (2009) Dev. Biol. 334, 46-58]
MAPK regulation of maternal and zygotic Notch transcript stability in early development. [F.C.Gonsalves and D.A. Weisblat (2007) PNAS 104, 531-536]
Maternal expression of a NANOS homolog is required for early development of the leech Helobdella robusta. [S.J. Agee, D.C. Lyons and D.A. Weisblat (2006) Developmental Biology 298, 1-11]
Asymmetrization of first cleavage by transient disassembly of one spindle pole aster, in the leech Helobdella robusta. [X. Ren and D.A. Weisblat (2006) Developmental Biology 292, 103-115]
Applications of mRNA injections for analyzing cell lineage and asymmetric cell divisions during segmentation in the leech Helobdella robusta. [S.O. Zhang and D.A. Weisblat (2005) Development 132, 2103-2113]
Cell cycle-dependent expression of a hairy and Enhancer of split (hes) homolog during cleavage and segmentation in leec embryos. [M.H. Song, F.Z. Huang, F.C. Gonsalves and D.A. Weisblat (2004) Developmental Biology 269, 183-195]
A hedgehog homolog regulates gut formation in leech (Helobdella). [D. Kang, F.Z. Huang, D. Li, M. Shankland, W. Gaffield and D.A. Weisblat (2003) Development 130, 1645-1657]
Expression and function of an even-skipped homolog in the leech Helobdella robusta. [M.H. Song, F.Z. Huang, G.Y. Chang and D.A. Weisblat (2002) Development 129,3681-3692]
Maternal and zygotic expression of a nanos-class gene in the leech Helobdella robusta: primordial germ cells arise from segmental mesoderm. [D. Kang, M. Pilon and D.A. Weisblat (2002) Developmental Biology 245, 28-41]
Micromere lineages in the glossiphoniid leech. [F.Z. Huang, D. Kang, F. Ramirez-Weber, S.T. Bissen and D.A. Weisblat (2002) Development 129, 719-732]
Photo credit: Mark Hanson at Mark Joseph Studios.
Last Updated 2010-08-11