Keep your answers brief and to the point. Limit your answers to 2 pages or less at 12pt for the entire exam.

1. Describe the transduction steps that transform the absorption of a single photon into the modulation of transmitter release from the photoreceptors. Answering in outline form is best here.
   
   
2. Describe the circuitry that forms the receptive field of a retinal bipolar cell. Include cell types, the synaptic connections between them, and the signs of the synapses.
   
   
3. Describe the receptive field properties of each visual cortical cell type. Hint: They are hierarchically organized, starting in Layer 4. Outline form is useful here.
   
   
4. Describe the transduction process in auditory hair cells. Begin with the behavior of the basilar membrane; end with the modulation of transmitter release from the hair cells.
   
   
   Write your answers in your word processor. When you're done, attach the document to an email and send to mcb64exam@gmail.com.