(1) Society's expectations of masculine or feminine behaviors by a child are based on:
A. the child's sex chromosomes (XX or XY)
B. family values
C. the external genitals of the child
D. the child's sexualized cerebrum
(2) Sexualized behavioral traits include:
A. sexual orientation and sexual identity
B. parenting skills
C. mating traits
D. all of the above
(3) Which statement about prenatal brain sexualization is FALSE:
A. the male fetus requires adequate amounts of testosterone and receptors during a critical time period
B. The female fetus requires adequate amounts of estrogen and receptors during week 32 of gestation
C. Genes, hormones, and environmental factors are important in the development of all fetuses
(4) Prenatal life is a time for:
A. preparation for birth and childhood
B. sexualization of the cerebral cortex
C. sexualization of future reproductive behaviors
D. all of the above
(5) Adaptation to environmental conditions occur:
A. prenatally
B. in childhood
C. in adulthood
D. all of the above
(6) Prenatally reflexes are well developed; the following reflexes are present prenatally, EXCEPT:
A. startle (jump at sudden noises) reflex
B. thumb-sucking
C. breathing movements
D. distant vision
E. suckling
(7) Sleep patterns in the infant as compared to the adult show some specific characteristics, EXCEPT:
A. the REM state is shorter
B. the total sleep duration per day (24 hrs cycle) is longer in infants
C. during a 24 hrs cycle, the duration of each sleep period is shorter in infants although total sleep time is longer
D. duration of total sleep time is 16 hrs in the first postnatal week
(8). From birth to childhood, and later adolescence, the CNS matures by:
A. an increase in dendritic branching and synapses
B. a very marked generalized increase in size
C. an increase in the number of glial cells
D. A and C only
E. A, B, and C
(9) Pseudo-precocious puberty is characterized by:
A. early maturation of the ovary or testis
B. early maturation of the secondary sex organs without parallel maturation of the gonads
C. menarche occurring during 12 to 14 years
D. none of the above
(10) Sex hormones
A. stimulate growth
B. induce cessation of growth
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
(11) Select the CORRECT statement:
A. metabolic rate increases throughout life
B. during adolescence, systolic pressure increases and pulse rate
decreases to adult values
C. during adolescence, both stroke volume and cardiac rate increase
D. during adolescence, cardiac output decreases
(12) The hormone produced and released by the adrenal cortex is:
A. aldosterone
B. epinephrine
C. triidothyronine
D. insulin
(13) The non-specific response to stress depends on:
A. the maturity of the hypothalamus
B. the maturity of the connections within the hypothlamo-pituitary adrenocortival (HPA) axis
C. the proper secretion of CRH and ACTH
D. all of the above
(14) The period of growth is characterized by the following, EXCEPT :
A. catabolic processes are greater than anabolic processes
B. there is an acquisition of new cells and tissues
C. anabolic processes are greater than catabolic processes
D. timetable of growth varies with the tissue/organ considered
(15) The period of adolescence is characterized by the following, EXCEPT:
A. includes functional changes involving all systems leading to the establishment of "adulthood" function
B. results in the establishment of the reproductive function
C. generally, starts 2 years earlier in boys than girls
D. it generally terminates with the closure of the epiphyseal plates and coincides with the cessation of increase in stature
(16) Which statement is FALSE?
A. macrophages and neutrophils have phagocytic and antigen processing and presentation activities.
B. the bone marrow produces stem cells from which ALL lymphocytes are derived
C. natural killer cells and T-killer cells have cytotoxic activities.
D. T-cells and B-cells are lymphocytes.
(17) Which statement is FALSE?
A. B-cells differentiate into plasma cells which secrete antibody.
B. the CD-4 and CD28 are receptors on T-helper cells.
C. Complement activation occurs when macrophages engulf a foreign substance.
D. the response to viral infections often involves T killer cells.
(18) Which statement is TRUE?
A. with development there is an overproduction of antibodies.
B. the T-cells can differentiate into B-cells.
C. the Ig G from the mother can cross the placental barrier to provide protection to the developing fetus.
D. T-cells and Natural killer cells can first be detected at birth.
(19) Which statement regarding the thymus is the BEST answer?
A. the thymus reaches its maximum weight at puberty and reaches its maximum weight to body weight ratio at birth
B. the thymus is composed of thymocytes, epithelial cells, fat and connective tissue
C. the thymus secretes thymosins and is a site of T-cell storage
D. all of the above
(20) Which statement is FALSE?
A. Ig M is the first immunoglobulin to reach adult levels after birth
B. the thymus develops at around 7 weeks gestation and the spleen develops around 14-16 weeks gestation
C. B-cells do not appear in blood until birth
D. complement factors are produced during gestation
(21) Which statement is FALSE?
A. Ig A is present in a mother's breast milk and may provide protection to the newborn
B. within the thymus many thymocytes are destroyed
C. all immunoglobulins are antibodies
D. Natural killer cells often are involved in killing cancer cells
(22) Functions stimulated by physical or psychological stress include the following EXCEPT:
A. increased cardiac rate
B. redistribution of blood from peripheral and some internal tissues to heart, skeletal muscles and brain
C. increased body growth
D. increased pulmonary ventilation
(23) During stress, storage of energy ceases because:
A. sympathetic activity increases
B. parasympathetic activity increases
C. insulin secretion increases
D. sympathetic activity decreases
(24) Identify that organ system, the function of which is NOT necessary for the survival of the individual:
A. lymphatic
B. nervous
C. reproductive
D. circulatory
(25) The most frequent congenital malformation in humans is:
A. phocomelia
B. spina bifida
C. kwashiorkor
D. cleft palate
(26) Menarche generally occurs:
A. just before the peak of accelerated adolescent growth
B. at the peak of accelerated adolescent growth
C. just after the peak of accelerated adolescent growth
D. during adolescence with NO predictable relationship tp the period of accelerated growth
(27) In a child with a severe common cold:
A. growth will be permanently stunted
B. growth will be delayed throughout the duration of the cold
C. After recovery from the cold, there will be catch-up growth
D. B and C
E. none of the above
(28) Which of the following is not a MALE secondary sex characteristic that occurs or undergoes changes at puberty?
A. a beard
B. an increased incidence of acne
C. increased fat in the buttocks
D. a deep voice
E. an enlarged penis
(29.) In the fetal circulation, the blood is shunted (at least partially) from the following structures EXCEPT:
A. the right ventricle to the left ventricle through the foramen ovale
B. the left ventricle to the right ventricle through the foramen ovale
C. the pulmonary artery to the aorta through the ductus arteriosus
D. the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava through the ductus venosus
(30). After the first breaths, the maintenance of respiration:
A. is controlled by respiratory centers in the hypothalamus
B. is dependent on adequate circulating levels of thyroid hormones
C. depends on the coordination of inputs from the medulla in the brainstem and from chemoreceptors in the periphery (e.g. carotid/aortic bodies)
II. (40 points) True or False. 2 points each correct answer.
Fill in bubble on scantron True (A) or False (B)
(31) Uterine contractions during labor are primarily dependent on the hormones LH and FSH.
(32) The somatomedin, insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) begins to be important for growth at three months before birth or after birth.
(33) Glomerular filtration results from the balance between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.
(34) Individuals with Turner syndrome have an abnormal XO chromosome.
(35) After implantation in the uterine wall, the embryo will develop from the inner cell mass.
(36) In the embryo, the hypothalamus is derived from the mesencephalon.
(37) The neural crest gives rise to the adrenal medulla.
(38) In the infant, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) excess is the cause for difficulty in concentrating urine.
(39) LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone.
(40) Dihydrotestosterone, derived from testosterone by the action of the enzyme 5' alpha reductase is more effective than testosterone in stimulating some of the male secondary sex organs.
(41) Triidothryonine (T3) is less biologically active than thyroxine (T4) at the thyroid hormone target tissues cells.
(42) Estrogens are more potent anabolic hormones than androgens.
(43) Home-use kits for determining occurrence of pregnancy depend on the detection of hCGn in the maternal urine.
(44) The dogma that number and structure of neurons are established at birth and cannot be modified throughout life does not seem valid in the light of current investigations.
(45) During adolescence, the hypothalamic threshold for sensing sex hormone levels increases.
(46) The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis functions independently of inputs from other CNS areas.
(47) During childhood, both GnRH levels and sex hormone levels are low.
(48) The foramen ovale is functionally closed with the first breath.
(49) Fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin.
(50) Maternal and fetal bloods mix in the placenta.
III. (50 points) Short Essays - varying point value
(51) Define the hemolytic disease of the newborn. (6 points)
Its potential consequences:
Its most common cause:
(52) Name four reasons the newborn is susceptible to dehydration including at least one anatomical structure or physiological mechanism. (8 points)
(53) In the following frame, draw the curve of Height Gain (growth rate/year) and explain the reasons for its characteristic shape. (10 points)
(54) List three similarities and differences, including the embryonic origin, of muscle cells (myocytes) and of neurons. (6 points)
Similarities
Differences
(55) Describe the menstrual cycle events that occur during the following days, day one being the first day of menstruation. Be as complete as possible, listing at least 15 events total. For the appropriate stages, the changes in relevant hormone levels will count as one event. (15 points)
Days
1-5:
6-7:
7-12:
12-13:
14:
15-25:
25-28:
(56) Briefly answer the following: (5 points)
A. Why are GnRH and sex hormone levels low during childhood.
B. Explain how the relationship of GnRH and sex hormones are different in adulthood as compared to childhood.
IV. (50 points) Fill in the blanks, 2 points for each correct answer
(57) Bile is formed in the____________cells, collected in _______________, stored in the _____________and secreted in the____________________.
(58) Thirst is triggered by an_____________ in_____________which is sensed by the _____________or a _____________in _____________which is sensed by the _____________.
(59) Anorexia is an_____________disorder, characterized by a_____________of _____________. Its major consequences include: retardation of_____________and _____________of _____________, as well as_____________and_____________disorders.
(60) Leptin is a_____________hormone, secreted by_____________that may be an effective in some cases of _____________.